EXAM.2010
ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY
OF SCIENCE
ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT
16 June, 2010
Time: 3hrs.
Examination Of Animal Physiology (zoo. 302)
3rdyear Zoology - Zoology and Chemistry
Answer sections A, B and C
Answer the following three sections A, B and C in a provided answer paper (One hour For each section).
SECTION (A)
1- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10marks)
1-Convection heat is …………………… 2 marks
2-Sweating is regulated by ………….………………..,…… 2 marks
3-Phosphorylation of monosaccharide is completely Irreversible except in ........................because............ 2marks
4-Failure of ammonia detoxification is due to ……….......... 2 marks
5-A hormone produced by the thyroid gland .......................
...............the metabolic rate of almost all cells in the body 2 marks
2- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper): (10 marks)
(1) Energy expenditure:
a) It is the energy during rest
b) It is energy during fever.
c) It is energy during various activities/day.
d) It is energy during muscular activity.
(2) Hyperglycaemia is induced by all the
following hormones except:
a) Epinephrine .
b) Glucagon.
c) Aldosterone.
d) Cortisol.
e) Thyroxine.
(3) A respiratory quotient is decreased in all the following except:
a) Increased in muscle tone.
b) Hyperthyroidism.
c) Acidosis.
d) Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex.
e) Transformation of carbohydrate into fat.
f) Diabetes inspidus.
(4) Elevation of the body temperature to dangerous levels:
a) Leads to damaged tissues in the body.
b) Renal failure.
c) Hypervolmea.
d) Too much clotting.
(5) Brain tissue can consume energy from:
a) Fatty acid.
b) Glycerol.
c) Amino acid.
d) Glucose.
e) Keto acid.
(6) Lack of sleep:
a) Improve thinking.
b) Regulate hormones
c) Increase metabolic function.
d) Decrease the ability of metabolic function.
(7) From factors that increase R.Q.:
a) Transformation of fats into carbohydrate.
b) Diabetes mellitus.
c) Starvation
d) Metabolic acidosis.
(8) Deep sleep also allows:
a) The body's cells to increase.
b) The body's cells to decrease.
c) The body's cells to consume high energy.
d) The body's cells to increase BMR.
(9) An endogenousopioid:
a) reduces tension and anxiety.
b) increase apetite.
c) increase tension and anxiety.
d) Increase pain.
(10) Thyroxine hormonesis:
a) Regulators of metabolism.
b) Regulators for sweeting.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Regulators for urea synthesis.
3- Answer Two Questions
only of The Followings: (10 marks)
a) What are the actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of deamination and urea formation.
c) Give an account on the followings:
i)Glycolysis.
ii) ATP.
iii) Transamination.
iv) Heat balance.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Good Luck
Model of answer
Section A
1- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10marks)
1-Convection heat is the removal of heat from the body by convection air currents (15%).
2 marks
2-Sweating is regulated by preoptic area in the anterior part of hypothalamus where it is stimulated to excite sweating.
2 marks
3-Phosphorylation of monosaccharide is completely Irreversible except in liver cells
because phospatase enzymes 2marks
4-Failure of ammonia detoxification is due to an inherited deficiency of ornithine
transcarbamylase enzyme
2 marks
5-A hormone produced by the thyroid gland thyroxine rises the metabolic rate of almost all cells
in the body
2 marks
2- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper): (10 marks)
(1) Energy expenditure:
a) It is the energy during rest
b) It is energy during fever.
c) is energy during various activities/day. ے
d) It is energy during muscular activity.
(2) Hyperglycaemia is induced by all the following hormones except:
a) Epinephrine
.b) Glucagon.
c) Aldosterone. ے
d) Cortisol.
e) Thyroxine.
(3) A respiratory quotient is decreased in all the following except:
a) Increased in muscle tone.
b) Hyperthyroidism.
c) Acidosis.
d) Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex.
e) ransformation of carbohydrate into fat. ے
f) Diabetes inspidus.
(4) Elevation of the body temperature to dangerous levels:
a) Leads to damaged tissues in the body. ے
b) Renal failure.
c) Hypervolmea.
d) Too much clotting.
(5) Brain tissue can consume energy from:
a) Fatty acid.
b) Glycerol.
c) Amino acid.
d) Glucose. ے
e) Keto acid.
(6) Lack of sleep:
a) Improve thinking.
b) Regulate hormones
c) Increase metabolic function.
d) Decrease the ability of metabolic function. ے
(7) From factors that increase R.Q.:
a) Transformation of fats into carbohydrate.
b) Diabetes mellitus.
c) Starvation
d) Metabolic acidosis. ے
ے
(8) Deep sleep also allows:
a) The body's cells to increase. ے
b) The body's cells to decrease.
c) The body's cells to consume high energy.
d) The body's cells to increase BMR.
(9) An endogenous opioid:
a) reduces tension and anxiety. ے
b) increase apetite.
c) increase tension and anxiety.
d) Increase pain.
(10) Thyroxine hormones is:
a) Regulators of metabolism. ے
b) Regulators for sweeting.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Regulators for urea synthesis.
3- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings:
(10 marks)
a) What are the actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of deamination and urea formation.
c) Give an account on the followings:
i)Glycolysis.
ii) ATP.
iii) Transamination.
iv) Heat balance.
3-a Action of thyroid hormones on metabolism are:
- A hormone produced by the thyroid gland,
- Thyroxine raises the metabolic rate of almost all cells in the body.
- This increase in “metabolism” helps you to feel more energetic and also causes you to expend more calories, and thus is important in weight loss.
- Blood levels of thyroxine increase during exercise.
3-b Deamination and urea formation are
Most of our nitrogenous waste comes from the breakdown of
amino acids. This occurs by
deamination.
Deamination
of amino acids results in the production of ammonia (NH3).
(fig.) Draw
Urea is the chief nitrogenous waste of mammals.
Ammonia is an extremely toxic baseand its accumulation in the
body would quickly be fatal. However, the liver contains
a system of carrier molecules and enzymes which quickly converts the
ammonia intourea.
One Turn Of Cycle
Consumes 2 molecules of ammonia
Consumes 1 molecule of carbon dioxide
Creates 1 molecule of urea (NH2)2CO
Regenerates a molecule of ornithine for another turn.
Although our bodies cannot tolerate high concentrations of urea, but it is much less
poisonous than ammonia.
Urea is removed efficiently by the kidneys (fig.).
Draw
3-c Glycolysis:
It is known that complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose release 686.000 calories of energy and 8000 calories are required to form 1 mol of ATP.
Fig
Cells contatin different enzymes that cause the glucose molecule to split a litte a time in many successive steps with energy released in small packets to form one ATP at a time.
ATP:
The amount of free energy in the third and second phosphate of
high energy bonds per mole of ATP is 8000 cal. under standard
condition.
Released Energy
ATP – 8000 cal ADP – 8000 cal AMP
Reform Energy
ATP + 8000 cal ADP + 8000 cal AMP
+ PO4 + PO4
Transamination
The removal of the amino groups of amino acids begins with the transfer of amino groups to just one amino acid - glutamic acid .
This is catalysed by transaminase enzymes which transfer the amino group from amino
acids to alpha-ketoglutarate.
The product is an alpha-keto acid formed from the amino acid and glutamate (formed
from the addition of the amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate (fig.).
Heat balance
When the rate of heat production is equal to the rate of loss, the body is said to be
in heat balance.
i.e.
Rate of Heat gain = Rate of Heat Loss
EXAM.2011
ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT
8 June, 2011 Time: 3hrs.
Examination Of Animal Physiology (zoo. 302)
3rdyear Zoology and Chemistry
Answer sections A, B and C
Answer the following three sections A, B and C in a provided answer paper (One hour For each section).
SECTION (A)
1- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings: (10 marks)
a) What are the actions of epinephrine hormone and exercise on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of glycerol oxidation to give energy.
c) Give an account on the amount of free energy per mole of ATP.
2- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10 marks)
1-BMR is ………………………… 2 marks
2-The muscles act as machines for………………… 2 marks
3-In anaerobic glycolysis; pyruvic acid ……………… 2 marks
4-Lactate formed in muscle by glycolysis is…….. 2 marks
5-Plasma proteins are……………………synthesized……........ 2 marks
3- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper): (10marks)
(1) The term metabolism:
a) Refers to all the chemical reactions in the body.
b) Includes the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules.
c) Includes the breakdown of complex into simpler molecules.
d) Includes anabolism and catabolism.
e) All above.
(2) ATP:
a) Is formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.
b) Is used by cells for the storage of energy.
c) Represents the energy currency of all cells.
d) A and C.
e) B and C.
(3) Which of the following statements concerning complete oxidation of glucose is true:
a) CO2 is not released.
b) O2 is released.
c) O2 is used during the krebs cycle reactions..
d) CO2 is released during the krebs cycle reactions.
e) None of the above.
(4)Complete oxidation of glycerol in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of :
a) 40 ATP
b) 19 ATP
c) 38 ATP
d) 2 ATP
(5) Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase causes:
a) Uric acids diposition.
b) Failure of urea formation.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Failure of ammonia formation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Good Luck
Model of answer
Section A
1- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings:
(10 marks)
a) What are the actions of epinephrine hormone and exercise on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of glycerol oxidation to give energy.
c) Give an account on the amount of free energy per mole of ATP.
1-a
A hormone produced primarily by the adrenal medulla that increases the amount of
blood the heart pumps and directs blood flow to where it’s needed.
(1 mark)
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen (stored carbohydrate) in the active muscles and liver to
use as fuel. It also stimulates the breakdown of fat (in stored fat and in active muscles) to use as fuel.
(1 mark)
The amount of epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla is proportional to the intensity and duration of exercise. (1 mark)
1-b
Glycerol is converted to α - glycerol phosphate by glycerophosphokinase
Glycerol glycerophosphokinase α-glycerol-P
ATP ADP
(2 marks)
By NAD- dependent enzyme
α-glycerol phosphate -------------)- dihydroxy acetone-P
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate enters glycolysis to be reduced by enzyme to lactate under anaerobic conditions (1ATP) or to CO2 and H2Ounder aerobic condition (19 ATP).
(2 marks)
1-c
The amount of free energy in the third and second phosphate of high energy bonds per
mole of ATP is 8000 cal. under standard condition.
(1.5 marks)
Released and Reform Energy
Released Energy
ATP – 8000 cal------)- ADP – 8000 cal-------)- AMP
Reform Energy
ATP + 8000 cal ADP + 8000 cal AMP
+ PO4--(--------- + PO4
(1.5 marks)
2- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10 marks)
1-BMR is It is the mimimal caloric requirement needed to sustain life in a resting
state 2 marks
2-The muscles act as machines for converting the chemical energy into work
(Kgm). 2 marks
3-In anaerobic glycolysis; pyruvic acid does not enter the Kreb's cycle but is reduced to lactic acid producing little energy as following :
Fig 2marks
4-Lactate formed in muscle by glycolysis is transported to the liver and resynthesized to glucose there. 2 marks
5-Plasma proteins are fibrinogen , albumin and globulin. Albumin and fibrinogen of plasma proteins as well as 50 % of globulins are formed in the liver the remainder globulin are formed in lymphoid tissues and reticuloendothelial system of cells.
2 marks
3- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper 10 marks)
(1) The term metabolism:
a) Refers to all the chemical reactions in the body.
b) Includes the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules.
c) Includes the breakdown of complex into simpler molecules.
d) Includes anabolism and catabolism.
e) All above.
(2) ATP:
a) Is formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.
b) Is used by cells for the storage of energy.
c) Represents the energy currency of all cells.
d) A and C.
e) B and C.
(3)Which of the following statements concerning complete oxidation of glucose is
true:
a) CO2 is not released.
b) O2 is released.
c) O2 is used during the krebs cycle reactions..
d) CO2 is released during the krebs cycle reactions.
e) None of the above.
(4) Complete oxidation of glycerol in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of :
a) 40 ATP
b) 19 ATP
c) 38 ATP
d) 2 ATP
(5) Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase causes:
a) Uric acids diposition.
b) Failure of urea formation.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Failure of ammonia formation.
**********************
Exam.2012
ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT
13 June, 2012
Time: 3hrs.
Examination Of Animal Physiology (Zoo. 302)
3rdyear Zoology-Chemistry and Zoology
Metabolism
1- Answer The Following Questions: ………………………….(30 marks)
1) Explain in general, the glycolytic pathway for dissolution of the glucose.
2) Calculate BMR, if Ahmed weighs 180 lbs, stands 55" and is 18 years old.
3) Explain how different hormones affect fat utilization.
4) Give an account on the followings:
a) Ornithine transcarbamylase.
b)Glycerol.
c) Uricase enzyme.
d)Transaminase.
e) ATP.
Model of answer
Metabolism
1- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings: (10 marks)
1-a
It is known that complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose release 686.000 calories of
energy and 8000 calories are required to form 1 mol of ATP.
Cells contatin different enzymes that cause the glucose molecule to split a litte a time in many successive steps with energy released in small packets to form one ATP at a time
(2.5 marks).
Fig
(5 marks; 0.5 for each step)
------------------------
2-
180lbs/2.2lb/kg =81.8 kg. and stands is 55 ''=55 inches x 2.54 cm=139 cm
(2.5 marks)
BMR=66+(13.7x 81.8)+ (5x 139)–(6.8 x 18)
( 2.5 marks)
BMR = 66 + 1120.66 + 695 - 122 = 1759.66 kcals/day.
(2.5 marks)
3-
- Lipases are present in adipose tissue. These catalyze the deposition of triglycerides from chylomicrons and other lipoproteins. (2.5 marks)
- Activated lipases (activated by hormones as epinephrine, growth h, ACTH) cause
splitting of the triglycerides of the fat cells to release free fatty acids. (5 marks)
4-
There are several inherited diseases of the urea cycle caused by mutations in genes
encoding one or another of the necessary enzymes.
The most common of these is an inherited deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, an enzyme needed for the conversion of ornithine to citrulline.
(1.5 marks)
Glycerol is converted to α - glycerol phosphate by glycerophosphokinase
Glycerol glycerophosphokinase α-glycerol-P
ATP -------)- ADP 0.5 mark
ByNAD- dependent enzyme
α -glycerol phosphate -------- dihydroxy acetone-P (0.5 mark)
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate enters glycolysis to be reduced by enzyme to
lactate under anaerobic conditions (1ATP) or to CO2 and H2O under aerobic condition (19 ATP).
(0.5 mark)
***********
Uricase enzyme: Most mammals have an uricase enzyme — for breaking uric acid down into a
soluble product. However, during the evolution of great monkeys and humans, the gene encoding uricase became inactive. (1.5 marks)
************
Transaminase: The removal of the amino groups of amino acids begins with the transfer of amino groups to just one amino acid - glutamic acid (or glutamate ion). This is catalysed by transaminase enzymes which transfer the amino group from amino acids to alpha-ketoglutarate. (0.5 mark)
The product is an alpha-keto acid formed from the amino acid and glutamate (formed
from the addition of the amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate). (1.0 marks)
**************
1- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10marks)
1-Convection heat is …………………… 2 marks
2-Sweating is regulated by ………….………………..,…… 2 marks
3-Phosphorylation of monosaccharide is completely Irreversible except in ........................because............ 2marks
4-Failure of ammonia detoxification is due to ……….......... 2 marks
5-A hormone produced by the thyroid gland .......................
...............the metabolic rate of almost all cells in the body 2 marks
2- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper): (10 marks)
(1) Energy expenditure:
a) It is the energy during rest
b) It is energy during fever.
c) It is energy during various activities/day.
d) It is energy during muscular activity.
(2) Hyperglycaemia is induced by all the
following hormones except:
a) Epinephrine .
b) Glucagon.
c) Aldosterone.
d) Cortisol.
e) Thyroxine.
(3) A respiratory quotient is decreased in all the following except:
a) Increased in muscle tone.
b) Hyperthyroidism.
c) Acidosis.
d) Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex.
e) Transformation of carbohydrate into fat.
f) Diabetes inspidus.
(4) Elevation of the body temperature to dangerous levels:
a) Leads to damaged tissues in the body.
b) Renal failure.
c) Hypervolmea.
d) Too much clotting.
(5) Brain tissue can consume energy from:
a) Fatty acid.
b) Glycerol.
c) Amino acid.
d) Glucose.
e) Keto acid.
(6) Lack of sleep:
a) Improve thinking.
b) Regulate hormones
c) Increase metabolic function.
d) Decrease the ability of metabolic function.
(7) From factors that increase R.Q.:
a) Transformation of fats into carbohydrate.
b) Diabetes mellitus.
c) Starvation
d) Metabolic acidosis.
(8) Deep sleep also allows:
a) The body's cells to increase.
b) The body's cells to decrease.
c) The body's cells to consume high energy.
d) The body's cells to increase BMR.
(9) An endogenousopioid:
a) reduces tension and anxiety.
b) increase apetite.
c) increase tension and anxiety.
d) Increase pain.
(10) Thyroxine hormonesis:
a) Regulators of metabolism.
b) Regulators for sweeting.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Regulators for urea synthesis.
3- Answer Two Questions
only of The Followings: (10 marks)
a) What are the actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of deamination and urea formation.
c) Give an account on the followings:
i)Glycolysis.
ii) ATP.
iii) Transamination.
iv) Heat balance.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Good Luck
Model of answer
Section A
1- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10marks)
1-Convection heat is the removal of heat from the body by convection air currents (15%).
2 marks
2-Sweating is regulated by preoptic area in the anterior part of hypothalamus where it is stimulated to excite sweating.
2 marks
3-Phosphorylation of monosaccharide is completely Irreversible except in liver cells
because phospatase enzymes 2marks
4-Failure of ammonia detoxification is due to an inherited deficiency of ornithine
transcarbamylase enzyme
2 marks
5-A hormone produced by the thyroid gland thyroxine rises the metabolic rate of almost all cells
in the body
2 marks
2- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper): (10 marks)
(1) Energy expenditure:
a) It is the energy during rest
b) It is energy during fever.
c) is energy during various activities/day. ے
d) It is energy during muscular activity.
(2) Hyperglycaemia is induced by all the following hormones except:
a) Epinephrine
.b) Glucagon.
c) Aldosterone. ے
d) Cortisol.
e) Thyroxine.
(3) A respiratory quotient is decreased in all the following except:
a) Increased in muscle tone.
b) Hyperthyroidism.
c) Acidosis.
d) Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex.
e) ransformation of carbohydrate into fat. ے
f) Diabetes inspidus.
(4) Elevation of the body temperature to dangerous levels:
a) Leads to damaged tissues in the body. ے
b) Renal failure.
c) Hypervolmea.
d) Too much clotting.
(5) Brain tissue can consume energy from:
a) Fatty acid.
b) Glycerol.
c) Amino acid.
d) Glucose. ے
e) Keto acid.
(6) Lack of sleep:
a) Improve thinking.
b) Regulate hormones
c) Increase metabolic function.
d) Decrease the ability of metabolic function. ے
(7) From factors that increase R.Q.:
a) Transformation of fats into carbohydrate.
b) Diabetes mellitus.
c) Starvation
d) Metabolic acidosis. ے
ے
(8) Deep sleep also allows:
a) The body's cells to increase. ے
b) The body's cells to decrease.
c) The body's cells to consume high energy.
d) The body's cells to increase BMR.
(9) An endogenous opioid:
a) reduces tension and anxiety. ے
b) increase apetite.
c) increase tension and anxiety.
d) Increase pain.
(10) Thyroxine hormones is:
a) Regulators of metabolism. ے
b) Regulators for sweeting.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Regulators for urea synthesis.
3- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings:
(10 marks)
a) What are the actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of deamination and urea formation.
c) Give an account on the followings:
i)Glycolysis.
ii) ATP.
iii) Transamination.
iv) Heat balance.
3-a Action of thyroid hormones on metabolism are:
- A hormone produced by the thyroid gland,
- Thyroxine raises the metabolic rate of almost all cells in the body.
- This increase in “metabolism” helps you to feel more energetic and also causes you to expend more calories, and thus is important in weight loss.
- Blood levels of thyroxine increase during exercise.
3-b Deamination and urea formation are
Most of our nitrogenous waste comes from the breakdown of
amino acids. This occurs by
deamination.
Deamination
of amino acids results in the production of ammonia (NH3).
(fig.) Draw
Urea is the chief nitrogenous waste of mammals.
Ammonia is an extremely toxic baseand its accumulation in the
body would quickly be fatal. However, the liver contains
a system of carrier molecules and enzymes which quickly converts the
ammonia intourea.
One Turn Of Cycle
Consumes 2 molecules of ammonia
Consumes 1 molecule of carbon dioxide
Creates 1 molecule of urea (NH2)2CO
Regenerates a molecule of ornithine for another turn.
Although our bodies cannot tolerate high concentrations of urea, but it is much less
poisonous than ammonia.
Urea is removed efficiently by the kidneys (fig.).
Draw
3-c Glycolysis:
It is known that complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose release 686.000 calories of energy and 8000 calories are required to form 1 mol of ATP.
Fig
Cells contatin different enzymes that cause the glucose molecule to split a litte a time in many successive steps with energy released in small packets to form one ATP at a time.
ATP:
The amount of free energy in the third and second phosphate of
high energy bonds per mole of ATP is 8000 cal. under standard
condition.
Released Energy
ATP – 8000 cal ADP – 8000 cal AMP
Reform Energy
ATP + 8000 cal ADP + 8000 cal AMP
+ PO4 + PO4
Transamination
The removal of the amino groups of amino acids begins with the transfer of amino groups to just one amino acid - glutamic acid .
This is catalysed by transaminase enzymes which transfer the amino group from amino
acids to alpha-ketoglutarate.
The product is an alpha-keto acid formed from the amino acid and glutamate (formed
from the addition of the amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate (fig.).
Heat balance
When the rate of heat production is equal to the rate of loss, the body is said to be
in heat balance.
i.e.
Rate of Heat gain = Rate of Heat Loss
EXAM.2011
ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT
8 June, 2011 Time: 3hrs.
Examination Of Animal Physiology (zoo. 302)
3rdyear Zoology and Chemistry
Answer sections A, B and C
Answer the following three sections A, B and C in a provided answer paper (One hour For each section).
SECTION (A)
1- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings: (10 marks)
a) What are the actions of epinephrine hormone and exercise on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of glycerol oxidation to give energy.
c) Give an account on the amount of free energy per mole of ATP.
2- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10 marks)
1-BMR is ………………………… 2 marks
2-The muscles act as machines for………………… 2 marks
3-In anaerobic glycolysis; pyruvic acid ……………… 2 marks
4-Lactate formed in muscle by glycolysis is…….. 2 marks
5-Plasma proteins are……………………synthesized……........ 2 marks
3- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper): (10marks)
(1) The term metabolism:
a) Refers to all the chemical reactions in the body.
b) Includes the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules.
c) Includes the breakdown of complex into simpler molecules.
d) Includes anabolism and catabolism.
e) All above.
(2) ATP:
a) Is formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.
b) Is used by cells for the storage of energy.
c) Represents the energy currency of all cells.
d) A and C.
e) B and C.
(3) Which of the following statements concerning complete oxidation of glucose is true:
a) CO2 is not released.
b) O2 is released.
c) O2 is used during the krebs cycle reactions..
d) CO2 is released during the krebs cycle reactions.
e) None of the above.
(4)Complete oxidation of glycerol in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of :
a) 40 ATP
b) 19 ATP
c) 38 ATP
d) 2 ATP
(5) Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase causes:
a) Uric acids diposition.
b) Failure of urea formation.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Failure of ammonia formation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Good Luck
Model of answer
Section A
1- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings:
(10 marks)
a) What are the actions of epinephrine hormone and exercise on metabolism?
b) Explain the process of glycerol oxidation to give energy.
c) Give an account on the amount of free energy per mole of ATP.
1-a
A hormone produced primarily by the adrenal medulla that increases the amount of
blood the heart pumps and directs blood flow to where it’s needed.
(1 mark)
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen (stored carbohydrate) in the active muscles and liver to
use as fuel. It also stimulates the breakdown of fat (in stored fat and in active muscles) to use as fuel.
(1 mark)
The amount of epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla is proportional to the intensity and duration of exercise. (1 mark)
1-b
Glycerol is converted to α - glycerol phosphate by glycerophosphokinase
Glycerol glycerophosphokinase α-glycerol-P
ATP ADP
(2 marks)
By NAD- dependent enzyme
α-glycerol phosphate -------------)- dihydroxy acetone-P
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate enters glycolysis to be reduced by enzyme to lactate under anaerobic conditions (1ATP) or to CO2 and H2Ounder aerobic condition (19 ATP).
(2 marks)
1-c
The amount of free energy in the third and second phosphate of high energy bonds per
mole of ATP is 8000 cal. under standard condition.
(1.5 marks)
Released and Reform Energy
Released Energy
ATP – 8000 cal------)- ADP – 8000 cal-------)- AMP
Reform Energy
ATP + 8000 cal ADP + 8000 cal AMP
+ PO4--(--------- + PO4
(1.5 marks)
2- Complete the following stentences in your answer paper: (10 marks)
1-BMR is It is the mimimal caloric requirement needed to sustain life in a resting
state 2 marks
2-The muscles act as machines for converting the chemical energy into work
(Kgm). 2 marks
3-In anaerobic glycolysis; pyruvic acid does not enter the Kreb's cycle but is reduced to lactic acid producing little energy as following :
Fig 2marks
4-Lactate formed in muscle by glycolysis is transported to the liver and resynthesized to glucose there. 2 marks
5-Plasma proteins are fibrinogen , albumin and globulin. Albumin and fibrinogen of plasma proteins as well as 50 % of globulins are formed in the liver the remainder globulin are formed in lymphoid tissues and reticuloendothelial system of cells.
2 marks
3- For each of the following questions, chose the one most appropriate answer (In your answer paper 10 marks)
(1) The term metabolism:
a) Refers to all the chemical reactions in the body.
b) Includes the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules.
c) Includes the breakdown of complex into simpler molecules.
d) Includes anabolism and catabolism.
e) All above.
(2) ATP:
a) Is formed during the hydrolysis of ADP.
b) Is used by cells for the storage of energy.
c) Represents the energy currency of all cells.
d) A and C.
e) B and C.
(3)Which of the following statements concerning complete oxidation of glucose is
true:
a) CO2 is not released.
b) O2 is released.
c) O2 is used during the krebs cycle reactions..
d) CO2 is released during the krebs cycle reactions.
e) None of the above.
(4) Complete oxidation of glycerol in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of :
a) 40 ATP
b) 19 ATP
c) 38 ATP
d) 2 ATP
(5) Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase causes:
a) Uric acids diposition.
b) Failure of urea formation.
c) Regulators for deamination.
d) Failure of ammonia formation.
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Exam.2012
ZAGAZIG UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
ZOOLOGY DEPARTMENT
13 June, 2012
Time: 3hrs.
Examination Of Animal Physiology (Zoo. 302)
3rdyear Zoology-Chemistry and Zoology
Metabolism
1- Answer The Following Questions: ………………………….(30 marks)
1) Explain in general, the glycolytic pathway for dissolution of the glucose.
2) Calculate BMR, if Ahmed weighs 180 lbs, stands 55" and is 18 years old.
3) Explain how different hormones affect fat utilization.
4) Give an account on the followings:
a) Ornithine transcarbamylase.
b)Glycerol.
c) Uricase enzyme.
d)Transaminase.
e) ATP.
Model of answer
Metabolism
1- Answer Two Questions only of The Followings: (10 marks)
1-a
It is known that complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose release 686.000 calories of
energy and 8000 calories are required to form 1 mol of ATP.
Cells contatin different enzymes that cause the glucose molecule to split a litte a time in many successive steps with energy released in small packets to form one ATP at a time
(2.5 marks).
Fig
(5 marks; 0.5 for each step)
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2-
180lbs/2.2lb/kg =81.8 kg. and stands is 55 ''=55 inches x 2.54 cm=139 cm
(2.5 marks)
BMR=66+(13.7x 81.8)+ (5x 139)–(6.8 x 18)
( 2.5 marks)
BMR = 66 + 1120.66 + 695 - 122 = 1759.66 kcals/day.
(2.5 marks)
3-
- Lipases are present in adipose tissue. These catalyze the deposition of triglycerides from chylomicrons and other lipoproteins. (2.5 marks)
- Activated lipases (activated by hormones as epinephrine, growth h, ACTH) cause
splitting of the triglycerides of the fat cells to release free fatty acids. (5 marks)
4-
There are several inherited diseases of the urea cycle caused by mutations in genes
encoding one or another of the necessary enzymes.
The most common of these is an inherited deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, an enzyme needed for the conversion of ornithine to citrulline.
(1.5 marks)
Glycerol is converted to α - glycerol phosphate by glycerophosphokinase
Glycerol glycerophosphokinase α-glycerol-P
ATP -------)- ADP 0.5 mark
ByNAD- dependent enzyme
α -glycerol phosphate -------- dihydroxy acetone-P (0.5 mark)
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate enters glycolysis to be reduced by enzyme to
lactate under anaerobic conditions (1ATP) or to CO2 and H2O under aerobic condition (19 ATP).
(0.5 mark)
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Uricase enzyme: Most mammals have an uricase enzyme — for breaking uric acid down into a
soluble product. However, during the evolution of great monkeys and humans, the gene encoding uricase became inactive. (1.5 marks)
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Transaminase: The removal of the amino groups of amino acids begins with the transfer of amino groups to just one amino acid - glutamic acid (or glutamate ion). This is catalysed by transaminase enzymes which transfer the amino group from amino acids to alpha-ketoglutarate. (0.5 mark)
The product is an alpha-keto acid formed from the amino acid and glutamate (formed
from the addition of the amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate). (1.0 marks)
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